Assertion (A): Aggregate functions in SQL operate on multiple set of values and return a single value as the output.

Reasoning (R): The aggregate functions are used to perform some fundamental arithmetic operations such as MAX(), MIN(), SUM() etc.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): A Join is a query that combines rows from two or more tables.

Reasoning (R): Equi-joins are joins based on equality conditions.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): The INTERSECT operator returns all rows that are in both result sets.

Reasoning (R): The UNION and INTERSECT yields same output.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): GROUP BY clause is always preceded by ORDER BY clause in a SELECT statement.

Reasoning (R): ORDER BY clause always follows other clauses.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): All aggregate functions except count(*) ignore null values in their input collection.

Reasoning (R): SUM, AVG, MIN, and MAX can only be used with numeric columns.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): In SQL, INSERT INTO is a Data Definition Language (DDL) Command.

Reason (R): DDL commands are used to create, modify, or remove database structures, such as tables.

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion. A database connection object controls the connection to a database.

Reason. A connection object represents a unique session with a database, connected from within a script/program.

Assertion. A database cursor receives all the records retrieved as per the query.

Reason. A resultset refers to the records in the database cursor and allows processing of individual records in it.

Assertion. The database cursor and resultset have the same data yet they are different.

Reason. The database cursor is a control structure and the resultset is a logical set of records.

Assertion. One by one the records can be fetched from the database directly through the database connection.

Reason. The database query results into a set of records known as the resultset.