Assertion. In the result produced by a join query, there may be multiple identical columns in the final result, but not always.

Reason. The join in which only one of the identical columns (coming from the joined tables) exists, is called a Natural join.

Assertion. In order to carry out the join operation, there should be a governing condition.

Reason. A join condition may be based on equality, less than, greater than or non-equality.

Assertion (A): In hierarchical model, searching for a record is a time-consuming task.

Reasoning (R): Hierarchical model owns to the organization of information/data in a tree-like structure.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

Reasoning (R): RDBMS does not allow relating or associating two tables in a database.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): A database is the largest component for holding and storing data and may contain several tables.

Reasoning (R): Each table comprises multiple rows and records.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): Referential integrity is a constraint that defines rules of holding data in parent and child table.

Reasoning (R): Referential integrity ensures that users don't accidently delete or change related data.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): The number of attributes or columns in a relation is called the degree of the relation.

Reasoning (R): The number of tuples or records in a relation is called the cardinality of the relation.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): A foreign key is an attribute whose value is derived from the primary key of another relation.

Reasoning (R): A foreign key is used to represent the relationship between tables or relations.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): Order by clause is used to sort the records of a table in ascending or descending order.

Reasoning (R): For sorting in ascending or descending order, ASC and DESC keywords are used along with the Order by clause.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): COUNT() function ignores distinct values.

Reasoning (R): Distinct clause ignores duplicate values.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.