The volume of air in the lungs and the rate at which it is exchanged during inspiration and expiration was measured.

The following diagram shows a group of the lung volumes and capacities:

Study the diagram carefully and explain briefly the following:

1. Tidal volume
2. Inspiratory reserve volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume
4. Vital capacity
5. Residual volume

Given below are chemical reactions (1 to 5) involving glucose and five other chemical products (A-E).

(a) Write the reaction number of the following:

(i) Anaerobic respiration in plants ……..

(ii) End-products in aerobic respiration ……..

(iii) Reaction occurring in liver ……..

(iv) Anaerobic respiration in animals ……..

(v) Storage in the liver ……..

(b) Which reactions (1-5) in the above correspond to the following (write the corresponding number of reaction next to them).

(i) Aerobic respiration

(ii) Change taking place in the liver

(iii) Anaerobic respiration in yeast

(iv) Change taking place in a plant storage organ – e.g. potato.

(v) Anaerobic respiration in animals

The figure given below represents a certain organ of the human chest cavity. Study the same and answer the following questions.

(a) Identify the organ and the organ system.

(b) Label the guidelines 1 to 6.

(c) What are the two advantages of C-shaped cartilaginous rings found in structure 1 ?

(d) Name the fluid filled between the two protective layers of the organ shown as part 2.

(e) Name the basic structural and functional unit of part 2.

Given below is an overall chemical reaction of a certain process:

C₆H₁₂O₆ → lactic acid + 2ATP + heat energy

(a) Name the process.

(b) Is this reaction applicable to animals or to plants or to both animals and plants?

(c) Name one tissue in which this reaction may occur.