Differentiate between the following pairs on the basis of what is mentioned within brackets:

Rods and Cones of Retina (Type of pigment).

The diagram given below shows a section of a human kidney. Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Label the parts numbered 1 to 4.

(ii) Why does part '2' have a striped appearance?

(iii) What is the fluid that passes down part '4'? Name the main nitrogenous waste present in it.

(iv) Mention the structural and functional units of kidneys.

(v) Name the two major steps in the formation of the fluid mentioned in Q. 5(a) (iii).

The diagram given below shows the male urinogenital system of a human being. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Label the parts numbered 1 to 8.

(ii) Name the corresponding structure of part (4) in female reproductive system.

(iii) What is the role of part 7?

In a homozygous plant round seeds (R) are dominant over wrinkled seeds (r):

(i) Draw a Punnett square to show the gametes and offspring when both the plants have heterozygous round seeds (Rr).

(ii) Mention the Phenotype and Genotype ratios of the offsprings in F₂ generation.

(iii) Name the sex chromosomes in human males and females.

(iv) Briefly explain the term 'Mutation'

(v) What is the number of chromosomes in the gametes of human beings?