(i) With the help of a diagram, show the formation of micelles, when soap is applied on oily dirt.

(ii) Take two test tubes X and Y with 10 mL of hard water in each.

In test tube 'X', add few drops of soap solution and in test tube 'Y' add a few drops of detergent solution. Shake both the test tubes for the same period.

(1) In which test tube the formation of foam will be more ? Why ?

(2) In which test tube is a curdy solid formed ? Why ?

(a) Name the parts of a bisexual flower that are not directly involved in reproduction.

(b) Differentiate between self pollination and cross pollination. List any two significance of pollination.

(c) What is the fate of ovules and ovary after fertilization in a flower?

Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. Metal oxides are generally basic in nature. But some metal oxides show both basic as well as acidic behaviour. Different metals show different reactivities towards oxygen. Some react vigorously while some do not react at all.

(a) What happens when copper is heated in air ? (Give the equation of the reaction involved).

(b) Why are some metal oxides categorized as amphoteric ? Give one example.

(c) Complete the following equations :

(i) Na₂O(s) + H₂O(l) ⟶

(ii) Al₂O₃ + 2NaOH ⟶

OR

(c) On burning Sulphur in oxygen a colourless gas is produced.

(i) Write chemical equation for the reaction.

(ii) Name the gas formed.

(iii) State the nature of the gas.

(iv) What will be the action of this on a dry litmus paper ?

In order to trace the inheritance of traits Mendel crossed pea plants having one contrasting character or a pair of contrasting characters. When he crossed pea plants having round and yellow seeds with pea plants having wrinkled and green seeds, he observed that no plants with wrinkled and green seeds were obtained in the F₁ generation. When the F₁ generation pea plants were cross-bred by self-pollination, the F₂ generation had seeds with different combinations of shape and colour also.

(a) Write any two pairs of contrasting characteristics of pea plant used by Mendel other than those mentioned above.

(b) Differentiate between dominant and recessive traits.

(c) State the ratio of the combinations observed in the seeds of F₂ generation (in the above case). What do you interpret from this result ?

OR

(c) Given below is a cross between a pure violet flowered pea plant (V) and a pure white flowered pea plant (v). Diagrammatically explain what type of progeny is obtained in F₁ generation and F₂ generation :

Pure violet flowered plant (VV) x Pure white flowered plant (vv)