The Endocrine System

Fill in the blanks by selecting the appropriate alternative from those given in brackets.

(i) Regulation of activities inside the body are brought about by ............... and ............... systems. (nervous/digestive/endocrine)

(ii) Hormones are secreted directly into the ............... . (organs/lymph/blood)

(iii) Chemically, some hormones are ............... , some steroids, some ............... . (proteins/amines/carbohydrates)

(iv) Both ............... or deficiency of hormones lead to serious consequences. (excess/absence)

(v) Hormones produced in one species usually show ............... influence in other species. (similar/different)

Answer

(i) Regulation of activities inside the body are brought about by nervous and endocrine systems.

(ii) Hormones are secreted directly into the blood.

(iii) Chemically, some hormones are proteins, some steroids, some amines.

(iv) Both excess or deficiency of hormones lead to serious consequences.

(v) Hormones produced in one species usually show similar influence in other species.

Give the characteristics of hormones pertaining to

(i) Site of action

(ii) Chemical nature

(iii) Manner of transportation.

Answer

(i) Site of action for hormones is their target organ or cells.

(ii) Hormones are either protein, amines or steroids.

(iii) Hormones are poured into blood by the glands and are transported through blood.

Mention the three types of cells of the islets of Langerhans and the name of the hormone they secrete.

Answer

The three types of cells of islets of Langerhans and hormones secreted by them are:

1. Beta cells — insulin
2. Alpha cells — glucagon
3. Delta cells — somatostatin

Mention the two principal ways in which insulin acts :

Answer

1. It promotes glucose utilisation by the body cells, thereby reducing the blood sugar level.
2. It stimulates deposition of extra glucose of the blood as glycogen in liver and muscles.

Name the following conditions :

(i) Passage of much glucose in urine

(ii) Overdose of insulin makes the diabetic patient unconscious

Answer

(i) Diabetes mellitus

(ii) Insulin Shock

List any three symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

Answer

Three symptoms of diabetes mellitus are:

1. High concentration of sugar in blood.
2. Excretion of more urine loaded with sugar.
3. Increased thirst due to loss of water through too much urination.

Name the two categories of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex.

Answer

1. Glucocorticoids.
2. Sex corticoids.

List any two effects of adrenaline.

Answer

Two effects of adrenaline are:

1. Thumping heart
2. Dry mouth

Fill in the blanks with the correct alternative :

(i) Thyroid is located close to ............... (larynx/kidney).

(ii) Cretinism is caused due to ............... of thyroxin. (undersecretion/oversecretion)

(iii) Over-secretion of thyroxin causes ............... goitre. (simple/exophthalmic)

(iv) The condition showing swelling in face and hands and sluggishness due to hypothyroidism is called ............... (cretinism/myxoedema).

(v) The hormone concerned with facing dangers is ............... (thyroxine/cortisone/adrenaline).

(vi) Cortex and medulla are the two regions of ............... (thyroid/adrenal).

(vii) One of the effects of increased secretion of adrenaline is ............... . (Dry mouth / slowing of heart beat / arterioles of the digestive system dilate)

Answer

(i) Thyroid is located close to larynx.

(ii) Cretinism is caused due to undersecretion of thyroxin.

(iii) Over-secretion of thyroxin causes exophthalmic goitre.

(iv) The condition showing swelling in face and hands and sluggishness due to hypothyroidism is called myxoedema.

(v) The hormone concerned with facing dangers is adrenaline.

(vi) Cortex and medulla are the two regions adrenal.

(vii) One of the effects of increased secretion of adrenaline is Dry mouth.

Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If false, rewrite the correct word (not words) striking out the single wrong one.

(i) Pituitary is of the size of a lemon.

(ii) Pituitary has three lobes — anterior, posterior and intermediate.

(iii) Oversecretion of growth hormone in adult causes gigantism.

(iv) Vasopressin secreted by anterior lobe controls reabsorption of water form kidney tubules.

Answer

(i) False
Corrected Statement — Pituitary is of the size of a pea.

(ii) True

(iii) True

(iv) False
Corrected Statement — Vasopressin secreted by posterior lobe controls reabsorption of water form kidney tubules.

Write the full forms of:

(i) TSH

(ii) LH

(iii) ACTH

(iv) ADH

Answer

(i) TSH — Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

(ii) LH — Luteinizing Hormone

(iii) ACTH — Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

(iv) ADH — Antidiuretic Hormone

What causes the following?

(i) Acromegaly

(ii) Diabetes insipidus

Answer

(i) Oversecretion of growth hormone in adults causes acromegaly.

(ii) Deficiency of ADH causes diabetes insipidus.

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

1. Adrenal gland
2. Pituitary gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. Sebaceous gland

Answer

Sebaceous gland

Reason — Sebaceous gland is present in skin and secretes oily sebum.

Which of the following hormones stimulates milk secretion?

1. Prolactin
2. Oxytocin
3. Progesterone
4. Calcitonin

Answer

Prolactin

Reason — Prolactin is responsible for formation and secretion of milk.

Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of:

1. Ovary
2. Ureter
3. Uterus
4. Breast

Answer

Uterus

Reason — Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterus during child birth.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone causes :

1. Gigantism and Dwarfism
2. Acromegaly and Dwarfism
3. Gigantism and Acromegaly
4. Dwarfism and Virilism

Answer

Gigantism and Acromegaly

Reason — Hypersecretion of growth hormone in young age causes gigantism while in adults it causes acromegaly.

A gland which secretes enzymes and hormones both is :

1. Adrenal
2. Pancreas
3. Thyroid
4. Pituitary

Answer

Pancreas

Reason — Pancreas secretes digestive juices as well as hormones like insulin and glucagon.

Insulin is secreted by :

1. β-cells of Pancreas
2. δ-cells of Pancreas
3. α-cells of Pancreas
4. γ-cells of Pancreas

Answer

β-cells of Pancreas

Reason — β-cells of islet of Langerhans in Pancreas secrete insulin.

Islets of Langerhans are located in the :

1. Kidneys
2. Liver
3. Throat
4. Pancreas

Answer

Pancreas

Reason — Islets of Langerhans are small group of cells present in pancreas.

Exophthalmic goitre is caused due to the over activity of

1. thymus
2. thyroid
3. parathyroid
4. adrenal cortex

Answer

thyroid

Reason — Over activity of thyroid leads to over secretion of thyroxine which further results in exophthalmic goitre.

The hormone which causes stimulation of sympathetic nervous system is:

1. Thyroxine
2. Insulin
3. Prolactin
4. Adrenaline

Answer

Adrenaline

Reason — Adrenaline causes stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and prepares body for any emergency.

The hormone which stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to glucose is:

1. Glucagon
2. Somatostatin
3. Insulin
4. None of these

Answer

Glucagon

Reason — Glucagon is responsible for breakdown of glycogen in the liver to glucose. It increases the level of glucose in blood.

Name the following:

(a) The hormone produced by adrenal medulla.

(b) The condition caused by the over secretion of insulin.

(c) The hormone secreted by β (beta) cells of the islets of Langerhans.

(d) The interconnection between the two lobes of thyroid gland (technical term).

(e) The hormone whose under secretion causes more urine formation.

(f) The hormone which stimulates the entire sympathetic nervous system.

Answer

(a) Adrenaline

(b) Hypoglycemia

(c) Insulin

(d) Isthmus

(e) Anti-diuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

(f) Adrenaline

What would a child suffer from, if there was hyposecretion from his thyroid?

Answer

If there was hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in a child, the child will suffer from cretinism. The symptoms of cretinism are dwarfism, mental retardation, etc.

Choose the odd one out from each series and write the category of the remaining terms:

(a) Simple goitre, Cretinism, Pellagra, Myxoedema

(b) Alpha cells, Beta cells, Gamma cells, Delta cells

(c) Somatotropin, Prolactin, Oxytocin, Luteinizing hormone

(d) Thyroid, Pituitary, Prostate, Parathyroid

(e) Thyroxine, Insulin, Thiamine, Glucagon

Answer

(a) Odd term: Pellagra
Category: Diseases caused due to hypothyroidism

(b) Odd term: Gamma cells
Category: Islet of Langerhans

(c) Odd term: Oxytocin
Category: Hormones secreted by anterior part of pituitary gland

(d) Odd term: Prostate
Category: Endocrine glands

(e) Odd term: Thiamine (It is a vitamin)
Category: Hormones

Write full forms of the following abbreviations:

(a) ACTH

(b) TSH

(c) ADH

(d) LH

(e) FSH

Answer

(a) ACTH — Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

(b) TSH — Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

(c) ADH — Antidiuretic Hormone

(d) LH — Luteinizing Hormone

(e) FSH — Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Identify the odd one in each of the following and mention what the rest are:

(a) Larynx; glucagon; testosterone; prolactin

(b) Adrenaline; penicillin; insulin; thyroxine

(c) Stomach; ileum; liver; adrenaline

(d) TSH; GH; ADH; insulin

(e) Iodine; cretinism; goitre; myxoedema

Answer

(a) Larynx is the odd one here because glucagon; testosterone and prolactin are hormones whereas Larynx is the sound box.

(b) Penicillin is the odd one here because adrenaline; insulin; thyroxine are hormones whereas Penicillin is an antibiotic.

(c) Adrenaline is the odd one here because stomach, ileum and liver are the organs of the digestive system whereas Adrenaline is a hormone.

(d) Insulin is the odd one here because TSH, GH, ADH are the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland whereas Insulin is secreted by the pancreas.

(e) Iodine is the odd one here because cretinism, goitre, myxoedema are the conditions which occur due to undersecretion of thyroxine (Hypothyroidism) whereas Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroxine hormone.

Match the terms given in column A with those in column B.

Answer

Given below are group of terms. In each group the first pair indicates the relationship between the two terms. Suggest the suitable word(s) for the fourth place.

(a) Beta cells : Insulin :: Alpha cells : ............... .

(b) Children : Cretinism :: Adults : ............... .

(c) Undersecretion : Dwarfism :: Oversecretion : ............... .

(d) Diabetes mellitus : Insulin :: Diabetes insipidus : ............... .

Answer

(a) Beta cells : Insulin :: Alpha cells : Glucagon.

(b) Children : Cretinism :: Adults : Myxoedema.

(c) Undersecretion : Dwarfism :: Oversecretion : Gigantism.

(d) Diabetes mellitus : Insulin :: Diabetes insipidus : Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Mention the name of diseases based on the clues/ symptoms given below:

(a) Urine is loaded with sugar.

(b) Swelling in the neck.

(c) Dwarfism and mental retardation in children.

(d) Eyes are protruded.

(e) Excessive growth of bones in the face, hands and feet.

Answer

(a) Hyperglycemia

(b) Simple goitre

(c) Cretinism

(d) Exophthalmic goitre

(e) Acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children.

Write the exact location of each of the following glands:

(a) Thyroid

(b) Adrenal

(c) Pancreas

(d) Pituitary

Answer

(a) Thyroid — It is situated in the front part of the neck just below the larynx.

(b) Adrenal — It is present as a cap on the top of each kidney.

(c) Pancreas — It is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen.

(d) Pituitary — It hangs from the base of the mid-brain below the hypothalamus.

Name the following:

(a) Three hormones secreted from Islets of Langerhans of pancreas.

(b) Two types of cortical hormones.

(c) Six hormones secreted from anterior pituitary.

(d) Two hormones secreted from posterior pituitary.

(e) The emergency hormone.

(f) Diseases caused due to hypothyroidism.

(g) Symptoms of cretinism.

(h) Abnormalities caused due to hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Answer

(a) Three hormones secreted from islets of Langerhans of pancreas are —

1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Somatostatin

(b) Two types of cortical hormones are —

1. Glucocorticoids
2. Mineralocorticoids

(c) Six hormones secreted from anterior pituitary are —

1. Growth hormone (somatostatin)
2. Prolactin
3. Adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

(d) Two hormones secreted from posterior pituitary are —

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
2. Oxytocin

(e) The emergency hormone is —

1. Adrenaline

(f) Diseases caused due to hypothyroidism —

1. Simple goitre
2. Cretinism
3. Myxoedema

(g) Symptoms of cretinism —

1. Mental retardation
2. Dwarfism

(h) Abnormalities caused due to hypersecretion of growth hormone

1. Gigantism
2. Acromegaly

Write the main function of each of the following hormones.

Answer

Name the hormones responsible for the given functions.

Answer

If you stand to make your maiden speech before a large audience, your mouth dries up and heart rate increases. What brings about these changes?

Answer

When we stand to make our maiden speech before a large audience, our mouth dries up and heart rate increases and it is due to secretion of adrenaline hormone by adrenal glands. Adrenaline is the hormone which prepares the body to meet any emergency situation. Adrenaline makes the heart beat faster. At the same time, it stimulates the constriction of the arterioles of the digestive system reducing the blood supply of the digestive system which makes the mouth dry.

Given below is a table designed to give the names of the glands, the hormones produced, their chief functions, the effects of over secretion and under secretion in respect of thyroid, pituitary and pancreas. Fill up the blanks 1-13.

Answer

Complete the following table by filling in the blanks numbered 1 to 7.

Answer

Complete the following table by filling in the blank spaces numbered 1 to 8.

Answer

Define the following terms:

(a) Endocrine system

(b) Hormones

(c) Myxoedema

Answer

(a) Endocrine system — Endocrine system consists of several endocrine glands/glandular cells which activate each other and work as a system to bring about overall chemical coordination in the body.

(b) Hormones — Hormone is a secretion from some glandular part of the body, which is poured directly into blood and which acts on the target organs or cells of the same individual, bringing about coordination between distant parts of the body.

(c) Myxoedema — Myxoedema is a condition which occurs in adults due to hypothyroidism in which the person becomes sluggish with swelling of the face and hands.

Distinguish between the following pairs:

(a) Exocrine and endocrine glands (secretory substance and example)

(b) Enzymes and hormones (mode of transport and target organ)

(c) Nervous control and hormonal control (transmission and effect)

(d) Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus (cause and symptoms)

(e) Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome (cause and sugar level)

Answer

(a) Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands (secretory substance and example):

(b) Difference between enzymes and hormones (mode of transport and target organ):

(c) Difference between nervous control and hormonal control (transmission and effect):

(d) Difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus (cause and symptoms):

(e) Difference between Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome (cause and sugar level):

Give reason:

(a) Adrenaline is often described as the emergency hormone.

(b) Pituitary is popularly called as the master gland.

(c) People living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre.

(d) Simple goitre can be prevented by using iodised salt in food.

Answer

(a) Adrenaline is known as the Emergency hormone because it prepares the body to meet any emergency situation, for "fight" i.e. to face danger or for "flight" i.e. to run away from it. Extra energy and strength is provided to the body in that situation. It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. When excited or angry, the adrenal medulla produces a lot of Adrenaline preparing the body for any emergency.

(b) Pituitary is popularly called as the master gland because it controls the functioning of all the other endocrine glands.

(c) People living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre because iodine is deficient in the soil of those regions and hence, in the food grown there. Insufficient iodine produces less thyroxine which results in goitre.

(d) Iodised salt contains iodine which is an active ingredient in the production of thyroxine. Hence, it is recommended to use iodised salt in food to prevent simple goitre.

Identify the gland with the help of following clues:

(a) The gland is like a cap on top of each kidney.

(b) The gland is both a duct gland as well as a ductless gland.

(c) A bilobed (butterfly-shaped) gland.

(d) The gland is located in mid-brain below the hypothalamus.

Answer

(a) Adrenal

(b) Pancreas

(c) Thyroid

(d) Pituitary

Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the cells of the pancreas that produce (1) glucagon (2) insulin.

(b) State the main function of (1) glucagon and (2) insulin.

(c) Why is the pancreas referred to as an exo-endocrine gland?

(d) Why is insulin not given orally but is injected into the body?

(e) What is the technical term for the cells of the pancreas that produce endocrine hormones?

(f) Where in the body is the Pancreas located?

Answer

(a) Glucagon is produced by the Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Insulin is produced by the Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

(b) The main function of Glucagon is to raise the blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
The main function of Insulin is to maintain the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

(c) Exocrine glands are those glands which deliver their secretions to the target through ducts. An endocrine gland is one which does not pour its secretions into a duct but directly into the blood. As an exocrine gland the pancreas secrete pancreatic juices into the duodenum for digestion. As an endocrine gland, it has special groups of hormone-secreting cells called Islets of Langerhans which are scattered in the entire gland. The islet cells produce three hormones — insulin, glucagon and somatostatin which are poured directly into the blood. Hence, the pancreas is an exo-endocrine gland.

(d) Insulin is not administered orally because the digestive juices degrade insulin making it ineffective. Hence, to avoid its degradation, Insulin is injected into the body.

(e) Islets of Langerhans

(f) The Pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.

Given ahead is a portion from the human body showing some important structure in ventral (front) view.

(a) Where is this portion located in the body?

(b) Name the structures numbered 1-3.

(c) State one main function of each of the structures named above.

(d) Is there any duct to carry the secretions from the structure numbered 2? If so, give its name.

Answer

(a) This portion is located in the neck region above the sternum.

(b) The structures numbered 1-3 are:

• 1 → Larynx
• 2 → Thyroid gland
• 3 → Trachea

(c) One main function of each of these structures is:

1. Larynx is the voice box containing vocal cords. It helps in producing sound.
2. Thyroid gland produces thyroxine and calcitonin which are essential hormones.
3. Trachea is the wind pipe that helps in passing air to and from the respiratory system while breathing.

(d) Structure 2 is the thyroid gland. It is an endocrine gland, so it is ductless and pours its secretions directly into the blood. Hence, there is no duct.

Given below is an outline diagram of human body showing position of certain organs.

(a) Name the parts numbered 1 to 4.

(b) What is common to all these parts in regard to the nature of their functions?

(c) Name the nutrient element which is essential for the normal working of part 2.

Answer

(a) The parts numbered 1-4 are:

• 1 → Pituitary gland
• 2 → Thyroid gland
• 3 → Pancreas
• 4 → Adrenal Glands

(b) All the glands shown in the above diagram are endocrine glands. They secrete essential hormones and pour their secretions directly into the blood.

(c) Iodine is essential for the normal working of Thyroid gland.

The diagram given alongside shows an endocrine gland in the human body. Study the diagram and answer the following questions :

(a) Identify the gland. Write its specific location in the human body.

(b) Label the guidelines 1, 2 and 3 shown in the figure.

(c) Name any two secretions from part 1 and two from part 2.

(d) The deficiency of which hormone causes Diabetes insipidus? How is this condition different from Diabetes mellitus with respect to the abnormal substances present in the urine.

Answer

(a) The gland shown is Pituitary gland. It hangs from the base of the mid-brain below the hypothalamus.

(b)

• 1 → Anterior lobe
• 2 → Posterior lobe
• 3 → Hypophysial stalk

(c) Two secretions from part 1 are Growth hormone and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.

Two secretions from part 2 are ADH and Oxytocin

(d) The deficiency of ADH causes Diabetes insipidus. Urine does not contain any glucose in this condition but in Diabetes mellitus there is glucose present in the urine.

Compare the hormonal response with the nervous response with respect to their speed, transmission and general nature of changes brought about.

Answer

Mention three important differences between the action of hormones and that of nerves in the regulatory mechanism of our body.

Answer