Assertion (A): The HAVING clause is used with GROUP BY clause and aggregate functions.

Reasoning (R): WHERE clause specifies the condition on individual rows or records.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): SQL queries are performed on a table created under a database.

Reasoning (R): The database is a folder created by the user in MySQL workbench. Thereafter, the tables are created in a database where various queries can be performed using SQL commands.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): Cartesian product of two sets (A and B) is defined as the set of all possible ordered pairs denoted by (A + B).

Reasoning (R): The Cartesian product is also known as the cross product of two sets. The Cartesian product of two tables can be evaluated such that each row of the first table will be paired with all the rows in the second table.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): Aggregate functions in SQL operate on multiple set of values and return a single value as the output.

Reasoning (R): The aggregate functions are used to perform operations on a group of values. Some common aggregate functions are SUM(), MAX(), MIN(), etc.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): A SELECT command in SQL can have both WHERE and HAVING clauses.

Reasoning (R): WHERE and HAVING clauses are used to check conditions, therefore, these can be used interchangeably.

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion. The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints are similar but not the same.

Reason. There can be only one column with PRIMARY KEY constraint, in a table.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion. In terms of values allowed in a column, both UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints are not the same.

Reason. UNIQUE allows NULL value once in the column, but PRIMARY KEY does not.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion. The INSERT INTO statement can skip some columns' values.

Reason. Only the columns allowing the NULL values or have default-value-defined, can be skipped in INSERT INTO statement of SQL.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion. The PRIMARY KEY can be defined only once in the CREATE TABLE command.

Reason. If the PRIMARY KEY is a composite key, then it is not defined with the individual columns but at the end of the table definition as a table constraint.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion. INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT are the DML commands.

Reason. The DML commands manipulate the data stored in the database tables.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.