Chemistry
| SALTS — Ions present in salts | |
|---|---|
| 27a. Normal salt [formation] | NaOH [excess] + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + H2O |
| 27b. Acid salt [formation] | NaOH [insufficient] + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + H2O |
| Preparation of salts — General methods | |
| Direct combination — Synthesis | |
| 28. Iron and Chloride — salt iron [III] Chloride | Fe + Cl2 ⟶ …………… |
| 29. Zinc and sulphur — salt zinc sulphide | Zn + S ⟶ …………… |
| Displacement — Action of dilute acid on active metals | |
| 30. Iron — salt iron [II] sulphate | Fe + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… [g] |
| 31. Zinc — salt zinc sulphate | Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… [g] |
| 32. Magnesium — salt magnesium chloride | Mg + HCl ⟶ …………… + …………… [g] |
| Precipitation — by double decomposition of two salt solutions | |
| 33. Lead nitrate and sodium chloride | Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl ⟶ …………… + …………… ↓ |
| 34. Calcium chloride and sodium carbonate | CaCl2 + Na2CO3 ⟶ …………… + …………… ↓ |
| Neutralization — Action of dilute acid on insoluble base | |
| 35. Oxide — salt copper sulphate | CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… |
| 36. Hydroxide — salt copper sulphate | Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… |
| Neutralization — [Titration] Action of dilute acid on an alkali | |
| 37. Hydroxide — salt sodium chloride | NaOH + HCl ⟶ …………… + …………… |
| 38. Hydroxide — salt ammonium chloride | NH4OH + HCl ⟶ …………… + …………… |
| Action of dilute acid on carbonate & bicarbonate | |
| 39. Carbonate — salt lead nitrate | PbCO3 + HNO3 ⟶ …………… + …………… + …………… [g] |
| 40. Carbonate — salt copper chloride | CuCO3 + HCl ⟶ …………… + …………… + …………… [g] |
| 41. Bicarbonate — salt potassium sulphate | KHCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… + …………… [g] |
Acids Bases Salts
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Answer
| SALTS — Ions present in salts | |
|---|---|
| 27a. Normal salt [formation] | 2NaOH [excess] + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O |
| 27b. Acid salt [formation] | NaOH [insufficient] + H2SO4 ⟶ NaHSO4 + H2O |
| Preparation of salts — General methods | |
| Direct combination — Synthesis | |
| 28. Iron and Chloride — salt iron [III] Chloride | 2Fe + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl3 |
| 29. Zinc and sulphur — salt zinc sulphide | Zn + S ⟶ ZnS |
| Displacement — Action of dilute acid on active metals | |
| 30. Iron — salt iron [II] sulphate | Fe + H2SO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + H2 [g] |
| 31. Zinc — salt zinc sulphate | Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2 [g] |
| 32. Magnesium — salt magnesium chloride | Mg + 2HCl ⟶ MgCl2 + H2 [g] |
| Precipitation — by double decomposition of two salt solutions | |
| 33. Lead nitrate and sodium chloride | Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl ⟶ 2NaNO3 + PbCl2 ↓ |
| 34. Calcium chloride and sodium carbonate | CaCl2 + Na2CO3 ⟶ 2NaCl + CaCO3 ↓ |
| Neutralization — Action of dilute acid on insoluble base | |
| 35. Oxide — salt copper sulphate | CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O |
| 36. Hydroxide — salt copper sulphate | Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + 2H2O |
| Neutralization — [Titration] Action of dilute acid on an alkali | |
| 37. Hydroxide — salt sodium chloride | NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O |
| 38. Hydroxide — salt ammonium chloride | NH4OH + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl + H2O |
| Action of dilute acid on carbonate & bicarbonate | |
| 39. Carbonate — salt lead nitrate | PbCO3 + 2HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 [g] |
| 40. Carbonate — salt copper chloride | CuCO3 + 2HCl ⟶ CuCl2 + H2O + CO2 [g] |
| 41. Bicarbonate — salt potassium sulphate | 2KHCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ K2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 [g] |
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Related Questions
ACIDS — Ions present in acids Complete and balance the equations a. Definition — Dissolves in water yielding hydronium ions 1. Hydrochloric acid HCl ⇌ …………… + Cl-
[H+ + H2O ⇌ …………… ]
HCl + H2O ⇌ …………… + ……………2. Nitric acid HNO3 + H2O ⇌ …………… + …………… 3. Sulphuric acid H2SO4 + H2O ⇌ …………… + …………… b. Classification 4. Monobasic acid [Basicity = 1 ] HCl [aq.] ⇌ …………… + …………… 5. Dibasic acid [Basicity = 2] H2SO4 [aq.] ⇌ …………… + …………… 6. Tribasic acid [Basicity = 3] H3PO4 [aq.] ⇌ …………… + …………… c. Preparation of acids 7. From non-metals H2 + Cl2 ⟶ …………… 8. From acidic oxides CO2 + H2O ⟶ …………… SO3 + H2O ⟶ …………… P2O5 + H2O ⟶ …………… 9. From normal salts KNO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… NaCl+ H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… 10. By oxidation of non-metals S + HNO3 ⟶ …………… + H2O …………… [g] d. Properties of acids 11. Neutralizes bases CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + …………… NaOH + HCl ⟶ …………… + …………… Reaction with 12. Chlorides and nitrates NaCl + H2SO4[conc.] ⟶ …………… + …………… NaNO3 + H2SO4[conc.] ⟶ …………… + …………… 13. Carbonates and bicarbonates Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + H2O + …………… [g] NaHCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ …………… + H2O + …………… [g] 14. Sulphites and bisulphites Na2SO3 + HCl ⟶ …………… + H2O + …………… [g] NaHSO3 + HCl ⟶ …………… + H2O + …………… [g] 15. Active metals Zn + HCl ⟶ …………… + …………… [g] BASES — Ions present in bases a. Alkali — dissociates yielding hydroxyl ions 16. Sodium hydroxide NaOH [aq.] ⇌ …………… + …………… 17. Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH [aq.] ⇌ …………… + …………… b. Classification 18. Monoacidic base [Acidity = 1 ] KOH [aq.] ⇌ …………… + …………… 19. Diacidic base [Acidity = 2] Cu(OH)2 [aq.] ⇌ …………… + …………… c. Preparation of bases 20. From metals Na + O2 ⟶ …………… 21. From metallic oxides and metals K2O + H2O ⟶ …………… K + H2O ⟶ …………… + …………… 22.From salts AlCl3 + NaOH ⟶ …………… + …………… ↓ FeSO4 + NaOH ⟶ …………… + …………… ↓ 23. By thermal decomposition ZnCO3 ⟶ …………… + …………… [g] Pb(NO3)2 ⟶ …………… + ……………[g] + ………….. [g] c. Properties of bases 24. Neutralizes acids PbO + HNO3 ⟶ …………… + …………… Fe(OH)2 + HCl ⟶ …………… + …………… Reaction with 25. Metallic salt solution CuCl2 + NaOH ⟶ …………… + …………… ↓ FeCl3 + NaOH ⟶ …………… + …………… ↓ 26. Ammonium salts NH4Cl + NaOH ⟶ …………… + …………… + …………… [g] NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ⟶ …………… + …………… + …………… [g] Mention the colour changes observed when the following indicators are added to acids:
(i) Alkaline phenolphthalein solution.
(ii) Methyl orange solution
(iii) Neutral litmus solution
Which of the following hydroxides is not an alkali — [Choose from the choices A, B, C and D]
(A) ammonium hydroxide
(B) calcium hydroxide
(C) copper hydroxide
(D) sodium hydroxide