State a difference between call by value and call by reference.

Define a class to overload the method generate() with the following variations:

1. void generate(int n, char ch) — Prints a pattern of n rows based on the value of ch:

   • If ch is '*', print a pattern of stars (*).
     n = 5

   *
   * *
   * * *
   * * * *
   * * * * *
   

   • If ch is 'N', print a pattern of numbers.
     n = 5

   1
   2 2
   3 3 3
   4 4 4 4
   5 5 5 5 5
   

   • For any other value of ch print Invalid Input.

2. double generate(int n) — Calculates and returns the sum of the following series:
   1 - $\dfrac{1}{2}$ + $\dfrac{1}{3}$ - $\dfrac{1}{4}$ ….. to n terms

3. double generate(double p, double q, double r) — Calculates and returns the value of z, where:
   z = p² + q² - r²

public class KboatOverload
{
    _______(1)_________ {
        if (ch != '*'
            && Character.toLowerCase(ch) != 'n') {
            System.out.println("Invalid Input");
        }
        else {
            _______(2)_________
                _______(3)_________
                    _______(4)_________
                        System.out.print("* ");
                    }
                    else {
                        System.out.print(i + " ");
                    }
                }
                System.out.println();
            }
        }
    }
    
    double generate(int n) {
        int a = 1;
        double sum = 0;
        _______(5)_________
            double t = _______(6)_________
            t *= a;
            _______(7)_________
            a *= -1;
        }
        return sum;
    }
    
    _______(8)_________ {
        double z = _______(9)_________
        _______(10)_________
    }
}

Using switch statement write a menu driven program to overload a function series as follows:

(a) void series() — To find and display the sum of the following series:
    S = 2 - 4 + 6 - 8 + 10 ….. - 20

(b) void series(int n, int x) — To find and display the sum of the following series:
    S = (x² / 1!) + (x⁴ / 3!) + (x⁶ / 5!) + ……. to n terms

Assertion (A): An argument is a value that is passed to a method when it is called.

Reason (R): Variables which are declared in a method prototype to receive values are called actual parameters

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion (A)
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not a correct explanation of Assertion(A)
3. Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false
4. Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true