Give reasons for the following :

To attain stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas —

1. Hydrogen atom ¹₁H — needs one electron.
2. Oxygen atom ¹⁶₈O — needs two electrons.
3. Nitrogen atom ¹⁴₇N — needs three electrons.
4. Carbon atom ¹²₆C — needs four electrons.
5. Chlorine atom ³⁵₁₇Cl — needs one electron.

1. As the atomic number of H is 1 and electronic configuration is 1, it needs one electron to attain nearest noble gas He configuration i.e. 2 electrons in first valence shell (Duplet-rule).
2. As the atomic number of O is 8 and electronic configuration is 2,6 it needs two electrons to attain nearest noble gas Ne configuration i.e. 8 electrons in valence shell (Octet-rule).
3. As the atomic number of N is 7 and electronic configuration is 2,5 it needs three electrons to attain nearest noble gas Ne configuration i.e. 8 electrons in valence shell (Octet-rule).
4. As the atomic number of C is 6 and electronic configuration is 2,4 it needs four electrons to attain nearest noble gas Ne configuration i.e. 8 electrons in valence shell (Octet-rule).
5. As the atomic number of Cl is 17 and electronic configuration is 2,8,7 it needs one electron to attain nearest noble gas Ar configuration i.e. 8 electrons in valence shell (Octet-rule).