Extraction of Metals — General details of stages involved | Complete and balance the equation ----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------- Step 1 : Dressing of the ore | Step 2 : Conversion of conc. ore to its oxide | Roasting of sulphide ore | 1\. Roasting of zinc blende | ZnS + O₂ ............... + ............... [g] 2\. Roasting of iron pyrite | FeS₂ + O₂ ............... + ............... [g] Calcination of carbonate ore | 3\. Calcination of zinc carbonate | ZnCO₃ ............... + ............... [g] 4\. Calcination of iron [II] carbonate | FeCO₃ ............... + ............... [g] Step 3: Reduction of metallic oxide to its oxide | Reduction by electrolysis | 5\. Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina | Al₂O₃ ............... + ............... 6\. At cathode | 2Al³⁺ + 6e^- ............... Reduction by reducing agents [C, CO, H₂] | 7\. Reduction of zinc oxide - by coke | ZnO + C ............... + ............... [g] 8\. Reduction of iron [III] oxide - by CO | Fe₂O₃ + CO ............... + ............... [g] 9\. Reduction of lead [II] oxide - by coke| PbO + C ............... + ............... [g] 10\. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by coke | CuO + C ............... + ............... [g] 11\. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by hydrogen | CuO + H₂ ............... + ............... Reduction by thermal decomposition 12\. Thermal decomposition of mercury [II] oxide | HgO ............... + ............... [g] 13\. Thermal decomposition of silver [I] oxide |Ag₂O ............... + ............... [g] Step 4: Electrorefining of impure metals |

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Extraction of Metals — General details of stages involved | Complete and balance the equation ----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------- Step 1 : Dressing of the ore | Step 2 : Conversion of conc. ore to its oxide | Roasting of a sulphide ore | 1\. Roasting of zinc blende | 2ZnS + 3O₂ 2ZnO + SO₂ [g] 2\. Roasting of iron pyrite | 4FeS₂ + 11O₂ 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ [g] Calcination of a carbonate ore | 3\. Calcination of zinc carbonate | ZnCO₃ ZnO + CO₂ [g] 4\. Calcination of iron [II] carbonate | FeCO₃ FeO + CO₂ [g] Step 3: Reduction of metallic oxide to its oxide | Reduction by electrolysis | 5\. Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina | Al₂O₃ 2Al³⁺ + 3O^2- 6\. At cathode | 2Al³⁺ + 6e^- 2Al Reduction by reducing agents [C, CO, H₂] | 7\. Reduction of zinc oxide - by coke |ZnO + C Zn + CO [g] 8\. Reduction of iron [III] oxide - by CO | Fe₂O₃ + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO₂ [g] 9\. Reduction of lead [II] oxide - by coke| 2PbO + C 2Pb + CO₂ [g] 10\. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by coke | CuO + C Cu + CO [g] 11\. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by hydrogen | CuO + H₂ Cu + H₂O [g] Reduction by thermal decomposition | 12\. Thermal decomposition of mercury [II] oxide | 2HgO 2Hg + O₂[g] 13\. Thermal decomposition of silver [I] oxide | 2Ag₂O 4Ag + O₂ [g] Step 4: Electrorefining of impure metals |

Extraction of Metals — General details of stages involved	Complete and balance the equation
Step 1 : Dressing of the ore
Step 2 : Conversion of conc. ore to its oxide
Roasting of sulphide ore
1. Roasting of zinc blende	ZnS + O₂ ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
2. Roasting of iron pyrite	FeS₂ + O₂ ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
Calcination of carbonate ore
3. Calcination of zinc carbonate	ZnCO₃ ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
4. Calcination of iron [II] carbonate	FeCO₃ ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
Step 3: Reduction of metallic oxide to its oxide
Reduction by electrolysis
5. Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina	Al₂O₃ ⇌ …………… + ……………
6. At cathode	2Al³⁺ + 6e^- ⟶ ……………
Reduction by reducing agents [C, CO, H₂]
7. Reduction of zinc oxide - by coke	ZnO + C ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
8. Reduction of iron [III] oxide - by CO	Fe₂O₃ + CO ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
9. Reduction of lead [II] oxide - by coke	PbO + C ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
10. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by coke	CuO + C ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
11. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by hydrogen	CuO + H₂ ⟶ …………… + ……………
Reduction by thermal decomposition
12. Thermal decomposition of mercury [II] oxide	HgO ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
13. Thermal decomposition of silver [I] oxide	Ag₂O ⟶ …………… + …………… [g]
Step 4: Electrorefining of impure metals

Extraction of Metals — General details of stages involved	Complete and balance the equation
Step 1 : Dressing of the ore
Step 2 : Conversion of conc. ore to its oxide
Roasting of a sulphide ore
1. Roasting of zinc blende	2ZnS + 3O₂ ⟶ *2ZnO* + *SO₂* [g]
2. Roasting of iron pyrite	4FeS₂ + 11O₂ ⟶ *2Fe₂O₃* + *8SO₂* [g]
Calcination of a carbonate ore
3. Calcination of zinc carbonate	ZnCO₃ ⟶ *ZnO* + *CO₂* [g]
4. Calcination of iron [II] carbonate	FeCO₃ ⟶ *FeO* + *CO₂* [g]
Step 3: Reduction of metallic oxide to its oxide
Reduction by electrolysis
5. Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina	Al₂O₃ ⇌ *2Al³⁺* + *3O^2-*
6. At cathode	2Al³⁺ + 6e^- ⟶ *2Al*
Reduction by reducing agents [C, CO, H₂]
7. Reduction of zinc oxide - by coke	ZnO + C ⟶ Zn + CO [g]
8. Reduction of iron [III] oxide - by CO	Fe₂O₃ + 3CO ⟶ *2Fe* + *3CO₂* [g]
9. Reduction of lead [II] oxide - by coke	2PbO + C ⟶ *2Pb* + *CO₂* [g]
10. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by coke	CuO + C ⟶ Cu + CO [g]
11. Reduction of copper [II] oxide - by hydrogen	CuO + H₂ ⟶ Cu + *H₂O* [g]
Reduction by thermal decomposition
12. Thermal decomposition of mercury [II] oxide	2HgO ⟶ *2Hg* + O₂[g]
13. Thermal decomposition of silver [I] oxide	2Ag₂O ⟶ *4Ag* + O₂ [g]
Step 4: Electrorefining of impure metals

Extraction of Aluminium
Step 1 : Dressing of the ore chemical method
Baeyer's process - Step 1, Step 2, Step 3
14. Bauxite to - sodium aluminate	Al₂O₃.2H₂O + NaOH ⟶ …………… + ……………
15. Sodium aluminate to - aluminium hydroxide	NaAlO₂ + H₂O ⟶ …………… + …………… ↓
16. Aluminium hydroxide to pure alumina	Al(OH)₃ ⟶ …………… + ……………
Step 2: Conversion of conc. ore to its oxide
Step not necessary since the ore is already an oxide
Step 3: Reduction of metallic oxide to its metal
Hall Heroult's Process - Reduction by electrolysis
17. Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina	Al₂O₃ ⇌ …………… + ……………
18. At cathode	2Al³⁺ + 6e^- ⟶ ……………
19. At anode	3O^2- - 6e^- ⟶ 3[……………] ⟶ 3O₂
Step 4: Electrorefining of aluminium [reference]

Chemistry

Metallurgy

Answer

Related Questions

Calcium, Copper, Lead, Aluminium, Zinc, Chromium, Magnesium, Iron. Choose the major metals from the list given above to make the following alloys :
(i) Stainless steel
(ii) Brass.

Name the following :
(i) A metal which is liquid at room temperature.
(ii) A compound added to lower the fusion temp. of the electrolytic bath in the extraction of Al.
(iii) The process of heating an ore to a high temperature in the presence of air.