History & Civics
(a) Identify the persons 'A' and 'B' given below. To which section of the Congress did each belong and what were their ultimate objectives?
(b) Highlight three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress.
(c) State two contributions of persons 'A' and 'B' in the freedom struggle.
2ⁿᵈ Phase of INM
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Answer
(a) The picture 'A' shows Dadabhai Naoroji and the picture 'B' shows Lala Lajpat Rai.
Dadabhai Naoroji belonged to the Early Nationalists section of the Congress and Lala Lajpat Rai belonged to the Assertive Nationalists section of the Congress.
Dadabhai Naoroji wanted to achieve self-government and strove for autonomy within the Empire and not for absolute independence while Lala Lajpat Rai aimed at nothing short of Swaraj (i.e., Complete Independence).
(b) Three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress were-
| Early Nationalists | Assertive Nationalists |
|---|---|
| They believed in constitutional methods and worked within the framework of the law. | They were assertive in their approach. |
| They followed the method of three P's - petitions, prayers and protests. | They followed the method of swadeshi, boycott, national education and passive resistance. |
| They sent memorandums and petitions to government officials and the British Parliament. | They adopted the policy of non-cooperation, mass agitation and self reliance. |
(c) Two contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji in the freedom struggle are as follows —
- India's Unofficial Ambassador — Dadabhai Naoroji spent a major part of his life in England fighting for the cause of his country. He founded London India Society and East India Association in London to further the cause of India in Britain.
- Exposed the Economic Ills of India — Through his works, 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' and his famous 'Drain Theory' he explained how India's wealth was being 'drained' to England through various ways.
Two contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai in the freedom struggle are as follows —
- An Educationlist and a Forceful Writer — Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific writer. When he was in the USA, he started a monthly magazine 'Young India' to spread the message of the right of India to attain Swaraj. His publications included: 'The Call to Young India', 'England's Debt to India' and 'THe Political Future of India'.
- A Social Reformer — Lajpat Rai was associated with the Arya Samaj Movement. He was instrumental in the expansion of D.A.V. College at Lahore in 1886.
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Related Questions
Bipin Chandra Pal was said to be 'One of the mightiest prophets of nationalism'. In this context:
(a) Mention his political aims.
(b) State his ideas on National Education.
(c) What remedies did he propose to eradicate India's poverty and unemployment?
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
It is a mistake to suppose that the Swadeshi movement requires sacrifice from poor people. We, the middle classes are the greatest offenders in this respect. The poor Kumbi villagers, require not many foreign articles at all, — probably none at all. It is we, the middle classes, who are the consumers of foreign goods; and since this Government is not going to stop the drain by imposing a protective duty it becomes imperatively necessary to adopt a measure by which we can do ourselves what the Government is bound to do and what the government ought to have done long ago. That one point was self-help and another point was determination; and the third sacrifice. You will find that all this included in this resolution, joined with the declaration made in the Presidential address that Swadeshism is a forced necessity in India owing to unnatural economic conditions in India, makes up a complete case for you. I trust that resolution of self-help adopted this year will form the basis of other resolutions of self-help in years to come.’
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak (At the 1906 session of Indian National Congress, where the resolution on Swadeshi was moved.).
(a) What was the main aim of Swadeshi as referred to in the extract? How does, it relate to 'boycott'?
(b) What are the reasons for focussing on Swadeshi?
(c) In what ways is the speaker of this extract the forerunner of Gandhiji?
Imagine you are a student, who witnessed the protest movement organised by the people of Bengal on October 16, 1905. How did the people react to the Partition of Bengal and what was its impact?
Imagine that you met one of the Assertive Nationalists. After talking to him, you realised the difference in the methods adopted by them and the Early Nationalists. State three of these differences.