Python Programming Fundamentals

The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a Token.

A word having special meaning reserved by a programming language is known as Keyword.

A String literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes.

Operators are tokens that trigger same computation/action when applied to variables or operands.

A Variable is a reserved named location that stores values.

To determine the type of an object, we use type() function.

The input() function always returns a value of String type.

Blocks of codes are represented through indentation.

In dynamic typing, a variable can hold values of different types at different times.

In Python, the floating-point numbers have precision of 16 digits.

Operators that act upon two operands are referred to as binary operators.

Floor division truncates fractional remainders and gives only the whole part as the result.

A logical error does not stop execution but the program behaves incorrectly and produces undesired/wrong output.

Trying to access a variable or file that doesn't exist is a kind of Run-time error.

Python supports Unicode coding standard.

Answer

True

Reason — Python supports Unicode coding standard.

An identifier must be a keyword of Python.

Answer

False

Reason — An identifier cannot be a Python keyword. Keywords are reserved words with special meanings and cannot be used as identifiers.

Default variable initialization is string literal.

Answer

False

Reason — In Python, variables are not initialized with any default values or types. The type of a variable is determined by the value assigned to it, and Python does not default to initializing variables as string literals. Instead, we must explicitly assign a value to a variable, whether it's a string, integer, or any other data type.

3+C = A is a valid statement.

Answer

False

Reason — In Python, assignment statements follow the syntax variable = value, where the variable (L-value) is on the left side and the value (R-value) is on the right side of the equal sign. Therefore, 3+C = A is an invalid statement in Python because the left side (3+C) is not a valid variable name.

The input() method always returns a value of an integer type.

Answer

False

Reason — The input() method in Python returns the input from the user as a string, regardless of whether the user enters an integer, float, or any other type of input.

The print() method without any value or name or expression prints a blank line.

Answer

True

Reason — When the print() function is called without any arguments, it outputs a newline character ('\n'), which results in printing a blank line.

In Python, boolean type is a sub-type of integer.

Answer

False

Reason — In Python, the boolean data type is distinct and represents one of the two possible values — True or False.

"AISSCE-2020" is a valid string variable in Python.

Answer

False

Reason — In Python, variable names cannot contain hyphens. They can only contain letters (both uppercase and lowercase), digits, and underscores, but they cannot start with a digit. Therefore, "AISSCE-2020" is invalid string variable name because it contains a hyphen.

In Python, integer data type has a fractional part.

Answer

False

Reason — In Python, the float data type represents numbers with a fractional part, while the integer data type represents whole numbers without any fractional part.

Null literal in Python means "there's nothing here".

Answer

False

Reason — In Python, the absence of a value is represented by the None keyword, not "null" literal.

Python supports multiple assignments to multiple variables.

Answer

True

Reason — Python supports multiple assignments to multiple variables in a single line.
For example, msg, day, time = 'Meeting', 'Mon', 9

id() function is used to determine the data type of a variable.

Answer

False

Reason — The id() function in Python is used to return the memory address of an object. To determine the data type of a variable, the type() function is used.

Which of the following are the fundamental building blocks of a Python program?

1. Identifiers
2. Constants
3. Punctuators
4. Tokens

Answer

Tokens

Reason — Tokens are the fundamental building blocks of a Python program. They are the smallest elements of a Python script that are meaningful to the interpreter.

Identifier name cannot be composed of special characters other than ............... .

1. #
2. Hyphen (-)
3. $\text{\textdollar}$
4. Underscore (_)

Answer

Underscore (_)

Reason — In Python, an identifier name can only be composed of letters (both uppercase and lowercase), digits, and underscores (_). Special characters like #, hyphen (-), and $\text{\textdollar}$ are not allowed in identifier names.

Python takes ............... indented spaces after the function declaration statement by default.

1. 5
2. 6
3. 4
4. 3

Answer

4

Reason — In Python, the default indentation level after a function declaration statement is 4 spaces.

Single line comments in Python begin with ............... symbol.

1. #
2. "
3. '''
4. %

Answer

#

Reason — Single line comments in Python begin with # symbol.

For example,

x = 10
y = x + 100 #value of x + 100 is assigned to variable y
print(y)

Which of the following does not represent a complex number?

1. K = 2 + 3j
2. K = complex(2,3)
3. K = 2 + 3i
4. K = 4 + 3j

Answer

K = complex(2,3)

Reason — Complex numbers are made up of pairs of real and imaginary numbers. They take the form 'x+yj' or 'x+yi', where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Therefore, according to this, K = complex(2,3) is not a complex number.

What is the order of precedence of arithmetic operators given below in Python?

(1) Parenthesis
(2) Exponential
(3) Multiplication
(4) Division
(5) Addition
(6) Subtraction

1. 1,2,3,4,5,6
2. 2,3,4,5,6,1
3. 1,3,2,6,4,5
4. 4,6,5,2,3,1

Answer

1,2,3,4,5,6

Reason — The order of precedence of arithmetic operators in Python is Parenthesis (), Exponential (**), Multiplication (*), Division (/), Addition (+), Subtraction (-).

What will be the output of the following snippet?

x, y = 2, 6
x, y = y, x + 2
print(x, y)

1. 6 6
2. 4 4
3. 4 6
4. 6 4

Answer

6 4

Reason — Initially, x is assigned the value 2, and y is assigned 6 using multiple assignments. Then, the expression y, x + 2 is evaluated, where y is 6, and x + 2 calculates to 4. After evaluating the right-hand side, x is reassigned to y, making x equal to 6, and y is reassigned to x + 2, making y equal to 4. Thus, when print(x, y) executes, it outputs 6 4, showing the final values after the assignments.

Which of the following is not in Python character set?

1. Letters: A - Z or a - z
2. Digits: 0 - 9
3. Whitespaces: blank space, tab, etc.
4. Images: Vector

Answer

Images: Vector

Reason — "Images: Vector" is not part of the Python character set because Python supports the following character set:

1. Letters: A - Z, a - z
2. Digits: 0 - 9
3. Whitespaces: blank space, tabs ('\t'), carriage return, newline, formfeed.
4. Special Symbols: +, -, /, , *, **, (), [], {}, //, =, !=, ==, <>, >=, <=, ;, :, %, !, ?, &, $\text{\textdollar}$, ^, @, _
5. Other characters: All other 256 ASCII and Unicode characters.

Each statement in Python is terminated by ............... .

1. Semicolon (;)
2. Colon (:)
3. Comma (,)
4. None of these

Answer

None of these

Reason — There is no demarcation or symbol in Python to indicate the termination of a statement. When we end typing a statement in Python by pressing the Enter key, the statement is considered terminated by default.

The extension of a Python file is given as-

1. .pt
2. .pwy
3. .py or .pyw
4. .yppy

Answer

.py or .pyw

Reason — The extension of a Python file is given as .py or .pyw.

The reserved words used by Python interpreter to recognize the structure of a program are termed as ............... .

1. Identifiers
2. Tokens
3. Literals
4. Keywords

Answer

Keywords

Reason — Keywords are the reserved words used by Python interpreter to recognize the structure of a program.

What can be the maximum possible length of an identifier?

1. 31
2. 63
3. 79
4. Can be of any length

Answer

Can be of any length

Reason — In Python, identifiers can be of any length.

Which of the following operators is floor division?

1. +
2. /
3. //
4. >

Answer

//

Reason — The floor division operator in Python is represented by //.

Which of the following is an invalid statement?

1. a=b=c=2
2. a,b,c=10,20,30
3. abc = 20 30 40
4. a_b_c=20

Answer

abc = 20 30 40

Reason — In Python, the statement abc = 20 30 40 is invalid because it attempts to assign multiple values (20, 30, and 40) to a single variable (abc) in a single assignment statement.

What is the result of this statement:

10>5 and 7>12 or not 18>3

1. 10
2. True
3. False
4. None

Answer

False

Reason — The expression evaluates as follows: 10 > 5 is True because 10 is greater than 5. 7 > 12 is False because 7 is not greater than 12. 18 > 3 is True because 18 is greater than 3, and not True results in False. Combining these using Python's operator precedence, 10 > 5 and 7 > 12 evaluates to False (True and False). Then, False or not True evaluates to False (False or False). Therefore, the entire expression 10 > 5 and 7 > 12 or not 18 > 3 ultimately evaluates to False.

What will be the output of the following Python code?

>>> 6*3+4**2//5-8

1. 13
2. 14
3. Error
4. None

Answer

13

Reason — The expression 6*3+4**2//5-8 follows Python's operator precedence rules, where exponentiation (4**2) is evaluated first resulting in 16. Then, floor division (16//5) is calculated as 3. Next, multiplication (6*3) gives 18. Adding these results (18 + 3) yields 21. Finally, subtracting 8 from 21 results in 13.

What will be the output of the following Python code?

>>> a=72.55
>>> b=10
>>> c=int(a + b)
>>> c

1. 72.55
2. 72
3. 82
4. None of these

Answer

82

Reason — In the above code, a is assigned the floating-point number 72.55, and b is assigned the integer 10. The variable c is assigned the expression a + b resulting in 72.55 + 10 = 82.55. Then, the int() function is used to convert the result of a + b to an integer. Therefore, int(82.55) results in 82.

Assertion (A): Each component of a programming statement is known as a token.

Reasoning (R): Token is not executed by Python interpreter, only used in the program coding.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is true but R is false.

Explanation
A token is the smallest element of a Python script that is meaningful to the interpreter. Each component of a programming statement is referred to as a token. Comments are not executed by the interpreter, but tokens are executed by it.

Assertion (A): Python is a dynamically typed language.

Reasoning (R): The data type of a variable is declared as per the type of value assigned to it.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
In Python, the data type of a variable is determined by the type of value assigned to it, and it can change if the value assigned to the variable changes. This behavior is known as dynamic typing, meaning the type of the variable is not fixed and is decided at runtime based on the assigned value. Hence, Python is a dynamically typed language.

Assertion (A): In Python, strings, lists and tuples are called sequences.

Reasoning (R): Sequence is referred to as an ordered collection of values having similar or different data types.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
A sequence is an ordered collection of items in Python, and these items can have similar or different data types. They are indexed by integers. The three main types of sequence data types in Python are strings, lists, and tuples.

Assertion (A): Comments are non-executable statements that are ignored by the interpreter.

Reasoning (R): Comments are used to explain the code and to make it more informative for the users. They are basically statements used to put remarks.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
Comments are non-executable statements in a script that are ignored by the Python interpreter and, therefore, have no effect on the actual output of the code. They are used to explain Python code and make it more readable and understandable for humans. Essentially, comments are used to include remarks within the code.

Assertion (A): A set of valid characters recognized by Python constitutes a character set.

Reasoning (R): Character set in Python is a subset of Python tokens.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is true but R is false.

Explanation
Character set is a set of valid characters recognized by Python. A character represents any letter, digit or any other symbol present on the keyword. On the other hand, a token is the smallest element of a Python script that is meaningful to the interpreter which includes keywords, identifiers, literals, operators and delimiters/punctuators. A character set can be used to form tokens, but not all tokens are part of the character set.

Assertion (A): 'Rollnumber' and 'rollnumber' are same identifiers.

Reasoning (R): Python is a case-sensitive language.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is false but R is true.

Explanation
In Python, 'Rollnumber' and 'rollnumber' are not the same identifiers because Python is a case-sensitive language. This means Python differentiates between uppercase and lowercase letters. For example, 'Rollnumber' (with an uppercase 'R') and 'rollnumber' (with a lowercase 'r') are considered distinct identifiers in Python.

Assertion (A): Literals are same as identifiers.

Reasoning (R): A variable is a label for a location in memory.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is false but R is true.

Explanation
Literals and identifiers are not the same. Literals are fixed numeric or non-numeric value. While identifiers are the name of any variable, constant, function or module. A variable is a label for a location in memory, which is used to store and access values.

Write a Python command/instruction/statement to display your name.

Answer

print("Ankita Sharma")

Ankita Sharma

Write a Python command to display your school name, class and section, separated by "-".

Answer

print("Kendriya Vidyalaya", "11", "A", sep = "-")

Kendriya Vidyalaya-11-A

Evaluate the following expressions manually:

(a) (2 + 3) ** 3 - 6/2

(b) (2 + 3) * 5//4 + (4 + 6)/2

(c) 12 + (3 * 4 - 6)/3

(d) 12 + (3 ** 4 - 6)//2

(e) 12 * 3 % 5 + 2 * 6//4

(f) 12 % 5 * 3 + (2 * 6)//4

Answer

(a) (2 + 3) ** 3 - 6/2
= 5**3 - 6/2
= 125 - 6/2
= 125 - 3.0
= 122.0

(b) (2 + 3) * 5//4 + (4 + 6)/2
= 5 * 5//4 + 10/2
= 25 // 4 + 10/2
= 6 + 10/2
= 6 + 5.0
= 11.0

(c) 12 + (3 * 4 - 6)/3
= 12 + (12 - 6)/3
= 12 + 6/3
= 12 + 2.0
= 14.0

(d) 12 + (3 ** 4 - 6)//2
= 12 + (81 - 6)//2
= 12 + 75//2
= 12 + 37
= 49

(e) 12 * 3 % 5 + 2 * 6//4
= 36 % 5 + 2 * 6//4
= 1 + 2 * 6//4
= 1 + 12 // 4
= 1 + 3
= 4

(f) 12 % 5 * 3 + (2 * 6)//4
= 2 * 3 + (2 * 6)//4
= 6 + 12 // 4
= 6 + 3
= 9

Evaluate the above expressions by using IDLE as a calculator and verify the results that you get manually.

Answer

(a)

>>>(2 + 3) ** 3 - 6 / 2

122.0

(b)

>>>(2 + 3) * 5 // 4 + (4 + 6) / 2

11.0

(c)

>>>12 + (3 * 4 - 6) / 3

14.0

(d)

>>>12 + (3 ** 4 - 6) // 2

49

(e)

>>>12 * 3 % 5 + 2 * 6 // 4

4

(f)

>>>12 % 5 * 3 + (2 * 6) // 4

9

Identify invalid variable names from the following, giving reason for each:

Group, if, total marks, S.I., volume, tot_strength, #tag, tag$\text{\textdollar}$, 9a, for

Answer

1. Group — This is a valid variable name.

2. if — This is an invalid variable name because if is a reserved keyword in Python and cannot be used as a variable name.

3. total marks — This is an invalid variable name because it contains a space, which is not allowed in variable names. A variable name must be a single continuous string without spaces.

4. S.I. — This is an invalid variable name because it contains full stops, which are not allowed in variable names. Variable names can only include letters, digits, and underscores.

5. volume — This is a valid variable name.

6. tot_strength — This is a valid variable name.

7. #tag — This is an invalid variable name because it starts with a hash symbol (#), which is not allowed in variable names. Variable names must start with a letter or underscore.

8. tag$\text{\textdollar}$ — This is an invalid variable name because it contains a dollar sign ($\text{\textdollar}$), which is not allowed in variable names. Variable names can only include letters, digits, and underscores.

9. 9a — This is an invalid variable name because it starts with a digit, which is not allowed in variable names. Variable names must start with a letter or underscore.

10. for — This is an invalid variable name because for is a reserved keyword in Python and cannot be used as a variable name.

Find the output of the following code:

x=3
y=x+2
x+=y
print(x,y)

Answer

8 5

x = 3
y = x + 2

• x is initialized to 3.
• y is set to x + 2, which means y = 3 + 2 = 5.

x += y

The += operator adds the value of y to x and assigns the result back to x.

• Current values are:
  • x = 3
  • y = 5
• Calculation: x + y = 3 + 5 = 8
• Updating x: x += 5 means x = x + 5
• So, x = 3 + 5 = 8.

print(x, y)

The final values of the variables are:

• x = 8
• y = 5

Hence, the output of the program is:

8 5

Find the output of the following code:

x=-2
y=2
x+=y
y-=x
print (x,y)

Answer

0 2

x += y

The += operator adds the value of y to x and assigns the result back to x.

• Current values are:
  • x = -2
  • y = 2
• Calculation: x + y = -2 + 2 = 0
• Updating x: x += 2 means x = x + 2
• So, x = -2 + 2 = 0.

y -= x

The -= operator subtracts the value of x from y and assigns the result back to y.

• Current values are:
  • x = 0
  • y = 2
• Calculation: y - x = 2 - 0 = 2
• Updating y: y -= 0 means y = y - 0
• So, y = 2 - 0 = 2.

print(x, y)

The final values of the variables are:

• x = 0
• y = 2

Hence, the output of the program is:

0 2

Find the output of the following code:

a=5       
b=2*a         
a+=a+b        
b*=a+b        
print (a,b)  

Answer

20 300

a = 5
b = 2 * a

• a is initialized to 5.
• b is set to 2 * a, which means b = 2 * 5 = 10.

a += a + b

The += operator adds the value on the right to a and assigns the result back to a.

• Current values are:
  • a = 5
  • b = 10
• Calculation: a + b = 5 + 10 = 15
• Updating a: a += 15 means a = a + 15
• So, a = 5 + 15 = 20.

b *= a + b

The *= operator multiplies b by the value on the right and assigns the result back to b.

• Current values are:
  • a = 20
  • b = 10
• Calculation: a + b = 20 + 10 = 30
• Updating b: b *= 30 means b = b * 30
• So, b = 10 * 30 = 300.

print(a, b)

The final values of the variables are:

• a = 20
• b = 300

Hence, the output of the program is:

20 300

Find the output of the following code:

p=10
q=20
p*=q/3
q+=p+q*2
print (p,q)

Answer

66.66666666666667 126.66666666666667

p *= q / 3

The *= operator multiplies p by the value on the right and assigns it to p again.

• First, compute the division: q / 3 = 20 / 3 ≈ 6.6667
• p *= 6.6667 means p = p * 6.6667
• So, p = 10 * 6.6667 = 66.6667

q += p + q * 2

The += operator adds the value on the right to q and assigns it to q again.

• First, compute q * 2 = 20 * 2 = 40
• Then add values: p + q * 2 = 66.6667 + 40
• Finally, add it to q: q += 106.6667 means q = q + 106.6667
• So, q = 20 + 106.6667 = 126.6667

print(p, q)

The variables now have these final values:

• p = 66.6667
• q = 126.6667

The precision difference is due to floating-point arithmetic. For simplicity of explanation we have taken lesser precision values.

Find the output of the following code:

p = 5 % 2
q = p ** 4
r = p // q
p+= p + q + r
r+= p + q + r
q-= p + q * r
print(p, q, r)

Answer

4 -10 7

p = 5 % 2

The modulo % operator calculates the remainder of the division.

• 5 % 2 = 1
• Thus, p = 1

q = p ** 4

The exponent ** operator raises p to the power of 4.

• 1 ** 4 = 1
• Thus, q = 1

r = p // q

The floor division // operator divides and returns the integer quotient of the division.

• 1 // 1 = 1
• Thus, r = 1

p += p + q + r

The += operator adds the value on the right to the variable and assigns it to the variable again.

• Initially, p = 1
• Calculation inside the parentheses: (p + q + r) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
• p += 3 means p = p + 3
• So, p = 1 + 3 = 4

r += p + q + r

The += operator adds the value on the right to the variable and assigns it to the variable again.

• Initially, r = 1
• Calculation inside the parentheses: (p + q + r) = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
• r += 6 means r = r + 6
• So, r = 1 + 6 = 7

q -= p + q * r

The -= operator subtracts the value on the right from the variable and assigns it to the variable again.

• Initially, q = 1
• Calculation inside the parentheses: (p + q * r) = 4 + 1 * 7 = 4 + 7 = 11
• q -= 11 means q = q - 11
• So, q = 1 - 11 = -10

print(p, q, r)

The variables now have these final values:

• p = 4
• q = -10
• r = 7

Hence, the output of the program is:

4 -10 7

Find the output of the following code:

p = 21 // 5
q = p % 4
r = p * q
p+= p + q - r
r*= p - q + r
q+= p + q
print(p, q, r)

Answer

8 8 0

p = 21 // 5

The floor division // operator divides and returns the integer quotient of the division.

• ( 21 // 5 = 4 )
• Thus, ( p = 4 )

q = p % 4

Here, the modulo % operator calculates the remainder of the division.

• ( p % 4 = 4 % 4 = 0 )
• Thus, ( q = 0 )

r = p * q

Now it performs a multiplication.

• p x q = 4 x 0 = 0
• Thus, r = 0

p += p + q - r

The += operator adds the value on the right to the variable and assigns it to the variable again.

• Initially, ( p = 4 )
• Calculation inside the parentheses: ( p + q - r = 4 + 0 - 0 = 4 )
• p += 4 means p = p + 4
• So, p = 4 + 4 = 8

r *= p - q + r

The *= operator multiplies the variable by the value on the right and assigns it to the variable again.

• Initially, ( r = 0 )
• Calculation inside the parentheses: ( p - q + r = 8 - 0 + 0 = 8 )
• r *= 8 means r = r x 8
• So, r = 0 x 8 = 0

q += p + q

The += operator adds the value on the right to the variable and assigns it to the variable again.

• Initially, q = 0
• Calculation inside the parentheses: p + q = 8 + 0 = 8
• q += 8 means q = q + 8
• So, q = 0 + 8 = 8

print(p, q, r)

The variables now have these final values:

• p = 8
• q = 8
• r = 0

Hence, the output of the program is:

8 8 0

Write Python expressions equivalent to the following arithmetic/algebraic expressions:

(a) $\dfrac{a + b}{2}$

(b) $\dfrac{3^2 + 9^3}{2}$

(c) $3^2 + \dfrac{9^3}{5}$

(d) $\sqrt{a} + \dfrac{a + 2}{b}$

(e) $8 - 6 + \dfrac{6 * \text{sum}}{7} - \sqrt{\text{var}}$

(f) $ut + \dfrac{1}{2} at^2$ (u, a, t are variables)

Answer

(a) (a + b) / 2

(b) (3**2 + 9**3) / 2

(c) 3**2 + 9**3 / 5

(d) a**0.5 + (a + 2) / b

(e) 8 - 6 + 6 * sum / 7 - var**0.5

(f) u * t + 1 / 2 * a * t**2

Write Python expressions to represent the following situations:

(a) Add remainder of 8/3 to the product of 8 and 3.

(b) Find the square root of the sum of 8 and 43.

(c) Find the sum of the square roots of 8 and 43.

(d) Find the integral part of the quotient when 100 is divided by 32.

Answer

(a) 8 * 3 + 8 % 3

(b) (8 + 43)**(1/2)

(c) 8**(1/2) + 43**(1/2)

(d) 100//32

What are operators? Give some examples of unary and binary operators.

Answer

Operators are tokens that trigger some computation/action when applied to variables and other objects in an expression. Unary plus (+), Unary minus (-) are a few examples of unary operators. Examples of binary operators are Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), Division (/).

What is an expression and a statement?

Answer

An expression is any legal combination of symbols that represents a value. For example, 2.9, a + 5, (3 + 5) / 4.

A statement is a programming instruction that does something i.e. some action takes place. For example:
print("Hello")
a = 15
b = a - 10

What all components can a Python program contain?

Answer

A Python program can contain various components like expressions, statements, comments, functions, blocks and indentation.

What are variables? How are they important for a program?

Answer

Variables are named labels whose values can be used and processed during program run. Variables are important for a program because they enable a program to process different sets of data.

What is 'Dynamic Typing' feature in Python?

Answer

A variable pointing to a value of a certain type can be made to point to a value/object of different type.This is called Dynamic Typing. For example:

x = 10
print(x)
x = "Hello World"
print(x)

Write a function called calculate_area() that takes base and height as an input argument and returns an area of a triangle as an output. The formula used is:

Area of a Triangle = ½*base*height

def calculate_area(base, height):
    area = (1/2) * base * height
    return area

base_value = int(input("Enter the base value: "))
height_value = int(input("Enter the height value: "))
triangle_area = calculate_area(base_value, height_value)
print("Area of the triangle:", triangle_area)

Enter the base value: 10
Enter the height value: 5
Area of the triangle: 25.0

Modify the above function to take a third parameter called shape type. Shape type should be either triangle or rectangle. Based on the shape, it should calculate the area. Formula used:

Area of a Rectangle = length * width.

def calculate_area(base, height, shape_type):
    if shape_type == "triangle":
        area = (1/2) * base * height
    elif shape_type == "rectangle":
        area = base * height
    else:
        area = None
        print("Invalid shape type. Please specify either 'triangle' or 'rectangle'.")
    return area

shape_type = input("Enter the shape type, triangle or rectangle: ")
base_value = int(input("Enter the base value: "))
height_value = int(input("Enter the height value: "))
area = calculate_area(base_value, height_value, shape_type)
print("Area of the", shape_type, "is ", area)

Enter the shape type, triangle or rectangle: triangle
Enter the base value: 10
Enter the height value: 5
Area of the triangle is  25.0


Enter the shape type, triangle or rectangle: rectangle
Enter the base value: 8
Enter the height value: 9
Area of the rectangle is  72

Write a function called print_pattern() that takes integer number as argument and prints the following pattern if the input number is 3:

*
* *
* * *

If input is 4, then it should print:

*
* *
* * *
* * * *

def print_pattern(num):
    for i in range(1, num + 1):
        print("*" * i)
        
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))        
print("Pattern for input", num, ":")
print_pattern(num)

Enter a number: 4
Pattern for input 4 :
*
**
***
****

Enter a number: 5
Pattern for input 5 :
*
**
***
****
*****

Write a program that takes amount in dollars, converts it into rupees. It then displays the converted amount.

amount = float(input("Enter amount in dollars "))
conversion_rate = float(input("Enter conversion rate "))
amount_in_rupees = amount * conversion_rate
print("Converted amount in rupees:", amount_in_rupees)

Enter amount in dollars 70
Enter conversion rate 81
Converted amount in rupees: 5670.0

What would the following code do?

a = b = 70

Answer

The above code performs multiple assignment, where the value 70 is assigned to both variables a and b simultaneously.

What is the error in the following code?

z, p = 6

Answer

The error arises because the right-hand side (RHS) has one value (6) while the left-hand side (LHS) has two variables (z, p). This mismatch causes a ValueError.

Find out the error(s) in the following code fragment:

temperature = 90
Print temperature

Answer

The call to print function is missing parenthesis. The correct way to call print function is this:

print(temperature)

Find out the error(s) in the following code fragment:

a = 30
b = a + b
print (a And b)

Answer

There are two errors in this code fragment:

1. In the statement b = a+b, variable b is undefined.

2. In the statement print(a And b), And should be written as and.

Find out the error(s) in the following code fragment:

a, b, c = 2, 8, 9
print(a, b, c)
c, b, a + a, b, c
print(a; b; c)

Answer

There are two errors in this code fragment:

1. The line c, b, a + a, b, c attempts to unpack values but is incomplete and incorrect. It lacks a right-hand side (RHS) to assign values from.

2. In the line print(a; b; c), the print function should use commas (,) to separate arguments, not semicolons (;).

Find out the error(s) in the following code fragment:

x = 24
4 = x

Answer

The statement

4 = x

is incorrect as 4 cannot be a Lvalue. It is a Rvalue.

Find out the error(s) in the following code fragment:

Print ("X =" X)

Answer

There are two errors in this code fragment:

1. Variable X is undefined.

2. "X =" and X should be separated by a comma like this print("X =", X)

What will be the output produced by the following code fragment?

X = 10
X = X+10
X = X-5
print (X)
X, Y = X - 2, 22
print (X, Y)

Answer

15
13 22

1. X = 10 ⇒ assigns an initial value of 10 to X.
2. X = X + 10 ⇒ X = 10 + 10 = 20. So value of X is now 20.
3. X = X - 5 ⇒ X = 20 - 5 = 15. X is now 15.
4. print (X) ⇒ print the value of X which is 15.
5. X, Y = X - 2, 22 ⇒ X, Y = 13, 22.
6. print (X, Y) ⇒ prints the value of X which is 13 and Y which is 22.

What will be the output produced by the following code fragment?

first = 2
second = 3
third = first * second
print (first, second, third)
third = second * first
print (first, second, third)

Answer

2 3 6
2 3 6

1. first = 2 ⇒ first is assigned the value 2.
2. second = 3 ⇒ second is assigned the value 3.
3. third = first * second ⇒ third is calculated as first * second, which is 2 * 3 = 6.
4. print(first, second, third) ⇒ The print statement outputs 2 3 6, showing the values of first, second, and third.
5. third = second * first ⇒ third is reassigned with second * first, which is 3 * 2 = 6.
6. print(first, second, third) ⇒ The second print statement outputs 2 3 6 again, reflecting the updated value of third.

What will be the output produced by the following code fragment?

side = int (input ('side')) #Side given as 7
area = side * side
print (side, area)

Answer

side7
7 49

1. side = int(input('side') ) ⇒ This statements asks the user to enter the side. We enter 7 as the value of side.
2. area = side * side ⇒ area = 7 * 7 = 49.
3. print (side, area) ⇒ prints the value of side and area as 7 and 49 respectively.

"Comments are useful and an easy way to enhance readability and understandability of a program." Elaborate with examples.

Answer

Comments are statements in a script that are ignored by the Python interpreter and therefore, have no effect on the actual output of the code. Comments make the code more readable and understandable for human beings. This makes the revision/modification of the code easier by the original author of the code and also by some new author who has been assigned the responsibility to modify it. They are highly recommended if the script is too complex or if it is to be reviewed by multiple people over an interval of time.

For example,

# Calculate the area of a rectangle
length = 5
width = 3
# Formula: area = length * width
area = length * width
print("Area of the rectangle is:", area)

Find errors in the following code fragment.

a = 3
print(a)
b = 4
print(b)
s = a + b
print (s)

Answer

There are no errors in the above code fragment.

Find errors in the following code fragment.

Name = "Prateek"
Age = 26
print("your name & age are", Name + Age)

Answer

The error in the above code is in the print statement. We cannot concatenate a string (Name) and an integer (Age) directly using the '+' operator. The corrected code is:

Name = "Prateek"
Age = 26
print("Your name & age are", Name + str(Age))

Find errors in the following code fragment.

A = 3
S = A + 10
A = "New"
Q = A / 10

Answer

The error in the given code fragment occurs in the Q = A / 10 line, where it attempts to divide the string "New" by the integer 10. This is not a valid operation and will raise a TypeError.

Give the output.

x = 40
y = x + 1
x, y = 20, y + x
print (x, y)

Answer

20 81

x = 40
y = x + 1

• x is initialized to 40.
• y is set to x + 1, which means y = 40 + 1 = 41.

x, y = 20, y + x

The values of x and y are updated simultaneously. This means both assignments are evaluated first and then applied.

• The left-hand side of the assignment is x, y.
• The right-hand side is 20, y + x.
• x is set to 20.
• y is set to y + x, which means y = 41 + 40 = 81.

print(x, y)

The final values of the variables are:

• x = 20
• y = 81

Hence, the output of the program is:

20 81

Give the output.

x, y = 20, 60
y, x, y = x, y - 10, x + 10
print (x, y)

Answer

50 30

1. x, y = 20, 60 ⇒ assigns an initial value of 20 to x and 60 to y.
2. y, x, y = x, y - 10, x + 10 ⇒ y, x, y = 20, 60 - 10, 20 + 10 ⇒ y, x, y = 20, 50, 30 First RHS value 20 is assigned to first LHS variable y. After that second RHS value 50 is assigned to second LHS variable x. Finally third RHS value 30 is assigned to third LHS variable which is again y. After this assignment, x becomes 50 and y becomes 30.
3. print (x, y) ⇒ prints the value of x and y as 50 and 30 respectively.

Give the output.

a, b = 12, 13
c, b = a * 2, a/2
print(a, b, c)

Answer

12 6.0 24

1. a, b = 12, 13 ⇒ assigns an initial value of 12 to a and 13 to b.
2. c, b = a*2, a/2 ⇒ c, b = 12*2, 12/2 ⇒ c, b = 24, 6.0. So c has a value of 24 and b has a value of 6.0.
3. print (a, b, c) ⇒ prints the value of a, b, c as 12, 6.0 and 24 respectively.

Give the output.

a, b, c = 10, 20, 30
p, q, r = c - 5, a + 3, b - 4
print("a and b, :", p, q, r)

Answer

a and b, : 25 13 16

In the given code, using multiple assignment, three variables a, b, and c are initially assigned values 10, 20, and 30 respectively and variables p, q, and r are assigned new values: p is assigned c - 5 (resulting in 25), q is assigned a + 3 (resulting in 13), and r is assigned b - 4 (resulting in 16). Finally, the print statement outputs the values of p, q, and r along with the string "a and b, :", resulting in the output: a and b, : 25 13 16.

Find errors in the following code fragment. (The input entered as XI)

c = int (input ("Enter your class:"))
print ("Your class is", c)

Answer

The input value XI is not int type compatible.

Find errors in the following code fragment.

cl = input("Enter your class")
print("Last year you were in class", cl - 1)

Answer

The error in the above code fragment occurs when trying to perform arithmetic operation on the result of the input() function. The input() function returns a string, even if the user enters a number. Therefore, attempting to subtract 1 from cl (which is a string) will raise a TypeError. The corrected code is:

cl = int(input("Enter your class: "))
print("Last year you were in class", cl - 1)

Write a Python program that accepts radius of a circle and prints its area.

r = float(input("Enter radius of circle: "))
a = 3.14159 * r * r
print("Area of circle =", a)

Enter radius of circle: 7.5
Area of circle = 176.7144375

Write a Python program that accepts marks in five subjects and outputs average marks.

m1 = int(input("Enter first subject marks: "))
m2 = int(input("Enter second subject marks: "))
m3 = int(input("Enter third subject marks: "))
m4 = int(input("Enter fourth subject marks: "))
m5 = int(input("Enter fifth subject marks: "))
avg = (m1 + m2+ m3+ m4 + m5) / 5;
print("Average Marks =", avg)

Enter first subject marks: 65
Enter second subject marks: 78
Enter third subject marks: 79
Enter fourth subject marks: 80
Enter fifth subject marks: 85
Average Marks = 77.4

Write a program to find the area of a triangle.

h = float(input("Enter height of the triangle: "))
b = float(input("Enter base of the triangle: "))
area = 0.5 * b * h
print("Area of triangle = ", area)

Enter height of the triangle: 2.5
Enter base of the triangle: 5
Area of triangle =  6.25

Write a program to input a number and print its first five multiples.

n = int(input("Enter number: "))
print("First five multiples of", n, "are")
print(n, n * 2, n * 3, n * 4, n * 5)

Enter number: 5
First five multiples of 5 are
5 10 15 20 25

Write a program to read details like name, class, age of a student and then print the details, firstly in the same line and then in separate lines.

name = input("Enter name of student: ")
c = int(input("Enter class of student: "))
age = int(input("Enter age of student: "))
print("Name:", name, "Class:", c, "Age:", age)
print()
print("Name:", name)
print("Class:", c)
print("Age:", age)

Enter name of student: Kavya
Enter class of student: 9
Enter age of student: 14
Name: Kavya Class: 9 Age: 14

Name: Kavya
Class: 9
Age: 14

Write a program to read three numbers in three variables and swap first two variables with the sums of first and second, second and third numbers, respectively.

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
c = int(input("Enter third number: "))
print("The three number are", a, b, c)
a, b = a + b, b + c
print("Numbers after swapping are", a, b, c)

Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 15
Enter third number: 20
The three number are 10 15 20
Numbers after swapping are 25 35 20