Get Set
Question 1
Rearrange the letters to get the names of the rocks from which these landforms are formed. Then match the landforms with their names.
(a) Pamukkale
(b) Giant's Causeway
(c) The Wave Rock
Answer
- SANDSTONE — (c) The Wave Rock
- LIMESTONE — (a) Pamukkale
- BASALT — (b) Giant's Causeway
Quick Quiz 1
Question 1
Soil is found in the (atmosphere/lithosphere).
Answer
Lithosphere
Question 2
Name two types of igneous rocks
Answer
Two types of igneous rocks are:
- Intrusive igneous rocks
- Extrusive igneous rocks
Question 3
Sandstone is an example of ............... rocks.
Answer
Sandstone is an example of sedimentary rocks.
Question 4
Excessive heat and pressure change granite into gneiss. True or False?
Answer
True
Question 5
Mention two uses of rocks.
Answer
Two uses of rocks are:
- In ancient times, rocks were used to make tools and weapons.
- Rocks are widely used in the construction of roads, houses and buildings.
Quick Quiz 2
Question 1
The decay of rocks as a result of chemical action is called (decomposition/disintegration).
Answer
The decay of rocks as a result of chemical action is called decomposition.
Question 2
Name two factors that affect weathering.
Answer
Two factors affecting weathering are:
- Types of Rocks
- Climatic conditions
Question 3
Granular disintegration is caused due to change in temperature. True or False?
Answer
True
Question 4
Name the different types of chemical weathering.
Answer
The different types of chemical weathering are:
- Solution
- Oxidation
- Hydration
- Carbonation
Question 5
..............., ............... and ............... are responsible for biological weathering.
Answer
Plants, animals and human activities are responsible for biological weathering.
Tick the correct answers
Question 1
The rocks which are formed from magma are called ............... rocks.
- sedimentary
- igneous
- metamorphic
- metallic
Answer
igneous
Question 2
Quartzite is ............... rock.
- an igneous
- a sedimentary
- a volcanic
- a metamorphic
Answer
a metamorphic
Question 3
Which of these is not a type of weathering?
- geological
- chemical
- biological
- mechanical
Answer
geological
Question 4
Carbonic acid disintegrates limestone as a result of
- frost action
- oxidation
- hydration
- carbonation
Answer
carbonation
Question 5
Which of these factors is not responsible for soil formation?
- climate
- human activities
- deforestation
- parent rock material
Answer
deforestation
Question 6
Which of these factors is responsible for soil erosion?
- crop rotation
- overgrazing
- afforestation
- terrace farming
Answer
overgrazing
Match the columns
Question 1
| Sl. No. | Column A | Column B |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | basalt | soil erosion |
| 2. | fossils | biological weathering |
| 3. | frost action | sedimentary rock |
| 4. | quarrying | soil conservation |
| 5. | deforestation | mechanical weathering |
| 6. | crop rotation | igneous rock |
Answer
| Sl. No. | Column A | Column B |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | basalt | igneous rock |
| 2. | fossils | sedimentary rock |
| 3. | frost action | mechanical weathering |
| 4. | quarrying | biological weathering |
| 5. | deforestation | soil erosion |
| 6. | crop rotation | soil conservation |
Fill in the blanks
Question 1
The ............... igneous rocks cool below the earth's surface.
Answer
The intrusive igneous rocks cool below the earth's surface.
Question 2
............... metamorphoses into marble.
Answer
Limestone metamorphoses into marble.
Question 3
............... is also known as onion peeling.
Answer
Exfoliation is also known as onion peeling.
Question 4
When water chemically reacts with a mineral, it is called ............... .
Answer
When water chemically reacts with a mineral, it is called hydration.
Question 5
Soil formation is a very ............... process.
Answer
Soil formation is a very slow process.
Question 6
............... is the vertical section of soil from the surface to the parent rock.
Answer
Soil profile is the vertical section of soil from the surface to the parent rock.
Give reasons for the following
Question 1
Igneous rocks are called primary rocks.
Answer
Igneous rocks are called primary rocks because these rocks were the first to be formed.
Question 2
Rocks develop cracks due to change in temperature.
Answer
The rocks are heated during the day and cooled during the night. Different minerals present in the rocks expand and contract at different rates according to the changes in temperature. As a result of this unequal expansion and contraction of minerals in the rocks, a series of cracks develop on the outer surface of the rocks.
Answer these questions
Question 1
What are rocks? Name the main types of rocks with two examples of each.
Answer
Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals, without having a definite chemical composition. The rocks may be composed of hard materials like granite and marble or soft like chalk, clay and sand.
The main types of rocks are:
- Igneous rocks or Primary rocks:
- Intrusive igneous rocks — For example, granite and dolerite
- Extrusive igneous rocks — For example, basalt, pumice
- Sedimentary rocks — For example, sandstone and limestone
- Metamorphic rocks — For example, marble and quartzite
Question 2
How are metamorphic rocks formed? Write two characteristics of metamorphic rocks.
Answer
When igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to excessive heat and pressure inside the earth, changes occur in their colour, hardness, texture and mineral composition. Such changed rocks are called metamorphic rocks.
Two characteristics of metamorphic rocks are:
- These rocks are very hard and have a high specific gravity.
- These rocks do not have empty spaces in them.
Question 3
What is mechanical weathering? How does freezing action of water affect weathering of rocks?
Answer
Mechanical weathering involves disintegration of rocks without the change in their chemical composition. It is mainly brought about by:
- Changes in temperature
- Freezing action of water
Freezing action of water — In mountainous regions or in areas with cold climate, the breaking of rocks is caused by the freezing action of water. The cracks and joints in the rocks fill up with water. At night, when the temperature falls, the water in the cracks or joints freezes. The conversion of water into ice increases its volume, thereby requiring more space. This causes widening of cracks and joints and finally leads to their disintegration. This is also called frost action.
Question 4
Distinguish between oxidation and hydration.
Answer
| Sl. No. | Oxidation | Hydration |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | The decomposition of rock in which the minerals present in the rocks react with the atmospheric oxygen present in the rain water is called oxidation. | The disintegration of rocks due to chemical union of water with the minerals present in the rocks is called hydration. |
| 2. | The colour of the rocks change in this process. | The volume of rock increases causing stress which leads to disintegration of the rock. |
Question 5
Discuss the role of plants and animals in biological weathering.
Answer
Role of plants — The penetration of roots in the rock cracks widens the cracks and disintegrates the rocks. The uprooting of trees by winds also breaks the rocks.
Role of animals — Animals such as worms, rabbits and moles dig burrows in the ground. In the process, they loosen the ground and disintegrate the rocks.
Question 6
What are soil horizons? Name the soil horizons.
Answer
The process of soil formation gives rise to four well-marked horizontal layers in the soil profile. These horizontal layers are called soil horizons. The soil horizons are:
- Horizon A (topsoil)
- Horizon B (subsoil)
- Horizon C (Rock Fragments)
- Horizon D (Parent Rock)